Without knowing if there are answer choices to this question, I will say that the Protestant Reformation changed the religious landscape of Europe by dividing Europe with confessional and territorial lines. This was a time of religious turmoil that led to many wars. Good luck :)
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The best reason as to why the caliphs demonstrated religious tolerance to Jews and Christians would be because "D. the caliphs knew freedom of worship led to an overall stronger empire," since allowing people to worship freely meant that they were less likely to rebel against the state.
Sparta was a warrior society in ancient Greece that reached the height of its power after defeating rival city-state Athens in the Peloponnese War (431-404 B.C.). Spartan culture was centered on loyalty to the state and military service. hope this helps :)
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