The hemoglobin holoenzyme (active enzyme) is a complex of an iron ion and 4 subunits- 2 hemoglobin alpha and two hemoglobin beta. People with sickle cell disease have mutated beta hemoglobins. The mutation is a single nucleotide exchange, that changes the 6th amino acid of protein primary struture - a Glutamic acid into Valine. This one alteration changes the tree dimentional structure of hemoglobin beta so, that it forms lond fibres that disrupt the normal circular form of the red blood cells.
Mexico's CBR started later than Sweden's.
The proximal tubule fluid is more hyperosmotic than the renal cortex, but this does not influence what is causing the acid-base disruption.
<h3>How does hyperosmotic work?</h3>
In the extracellular space, the first drop in temperature results in the formation of crystals, which creates a hyperosmotic environment that draws water out of the cells and causes them to contract. Organelles & biological membranes are damaged as a result of inner crystal formation as the temperature drops.
<h3>What transpires inside a hyperosmotic environment to a cell?</h3>
A cell submerged in a 10% dextrose hyperosmotic , osmotic pressure solution would initially lose area as water departs and then start gaining proportion as glucose is delivered through into cell as moisture follow by osmosis. This is because water crosses cell surfaces more quickly than solutes do.
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1. Explain why the distribution of fossils in Figure 1 supports the hypothesis that the extinction of these species was the result of a sudden environmental change.
This hypothesis can be supported because all the fossils accumulate almost at the same age of the rock layer. That is, all the fossils died almost at the same time.
2. Describe an environmental change that could have produced this type of fossil distribution.
Good examples of sudden environmental changes are volcanoes. When a rash occurs, the whole environment suddenly changes for different reasons such as ash or lava, and all living things can die immediately or in a few years by the change in the ecosystem.
3. Explain why the distribution of fossils in Figure 2 supports the hypothesis that the extinction of these species was the result of a gradual environmental change.
This is because the fossils accumulate at different ages of the rock layer, that means, the species dying over time. The gradual descent of the fossils is observed.
4. Describe an environmental change that could produce this type of fossil distribution.
For example, if a climate change occurs - the temperature increases or decreases - it can cause the trees or plants to die and all the animals in the ecosystem also die when they have no food. But this process is sequential, so the change can take years, centuries or even millions of years.
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Answer:
Common sources of error include instrumental, environmental, procedural, and human. All of these errors can be either random or systematic depending on how they affect the results. Instrumental error happens when the instruments being used are inaccurate, such as a balance that does not work (SF Fig
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