A plant because only plant cells have a cell wall.
It would be slightly worse than taking it off in space. The atmosphere on the surface of Mars is nearly a vacuum, so the astronaut would do well to notice the boiling saliva and tears and reseal the helmet immediately. Failing that, he or she would pass out in a few seconds, which is perhaps just as well. In space, you can only cool off by evaporation or by radiating infrared into space. On Mars, the tenuous air is just barely thick enough to conduct heat, and it’s generally colder than northern Siberia in the January. So…yeah. Don’t do that.
This question is incomplete. However, it seems to indicate that the vials contain aerobic bacteria. These are bacteria that require oxygen to respire and grow. The bacteria in the sealed vial will be deprived of oxygen, and would therefore not grow. Those in the crushed vial will be exposed to oxygen and would therefore be able to grow.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
