John Bell, the Constitutional Party candidate for president represented the border state of Tennessee.
<span>John C. Breckinridge, the then incumbent Vice-President, a native of Kentucky, was the Southern Democrats' candidate for president. </span>
<span>Stephen Arnold Douglas - The incumbent Senator from Illinois, was the Northern Democrats' candidate. </span>
<span>Abraham Lincoln, from Illinois, was the Republican party nominee for President. </span>
<span>Lincoln received 180 Electoral Votes, carrying 18 states: California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin. </span>
<span>Breckinridge won 11 states -- 72 Electoral Votes. Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North carolina, South Carolina and Texas. </span>
<span>Bell won the Electoral Votes of 3 states -- 39; Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. </span>
<span>Douglas received the Electoral Vote of 1 state - Missouri. (12)
Courts apply the law to specific controversies brought before them. They resolve disputes between people, companies and units of government. Often, courts are called on to uphold limitations on the government. They protect against abuses by all branches of government.
He sent federal troops to protect Meredith and allow him to enroll.
In 1962, an African American man named James Meredith attempted to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi. After the Kennedy administration brought out 31,000 National Guardsmen and other federal forces to execute the law, riots broke out on the Ole Miss campus, leaving two people dead, hundreds injured, and many others jailed.
Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case, determined that racial segregation in educational and other institutions violated the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution, which guaranteed equal treatment of the law to all people within its authority.
This judgement substantially undermined the "separate but equal" rule established in 1896 by an earlier court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, which determined that equal protection was not breached as long as both groups were treated with reasonably equal conditions.
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The supreme court ruled that the suspects can refuse to cooperate and the police has the duty of informing suspects what their rights are and how their rights are applied. Suspects can remain silent and not incriminate themselves which means not cooperating with the police.
