The document signed by England that gave up the American colonies was the Treaty of Paris.
The Suez and Panama canals are two of the most important canals in the world. They are crucial for the trade and travel through the sea, as they cut the sea routes by thousands of kilometers, which makes it much more easy and cheaper to use them. The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean, thus avoiding to circle around Africa, while the Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and the Pacific, thus avoiding to circle around South America. The one that controls these canals will manage to always get very large wealth because everyone will opt to use them as it much easier, cheaper, safer, and quicker, but in order to use it, everyone needs to pay certain tax. Those taxes are bringing in constant profit from doing pretty much nothing for the countries that control these canals. Also, it brings in a lot of power, as they can block the access of any country to it if they want, thus giving them big power on the global economic scene.
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In the 19th-century United States, racism was rampant. Chinese immigrants were openly mocked, often in unfavorable newspaper caricatures. Germans were stereotyped as loitering in beer halls. African-Americans were portrayed in demeaning advertisements. And Irish people — who were not considered "white" by the existing majority at the time — were mistreated, too.
More than 1.5 million people left Ireland for the United States between 1845 and 1855, the survivors of a potato famine that had wiped out more than 1 million people in their homeland. They arrived poor, hungry and sick, and then crowded into cramped tenements in Boston, New York and other Northeastern cities to start anew under difficult conditions.
The struggles of Irish immigrants were compounded by the poor treatment they received from the white, primarily Anglo-Saxon and Protestant establishment. America's existing unskilled workers worried they would be replaced by immigrants willing to work for less than the going rate. And business owners worried that Irish immigrants and African-Americans would band together to demand increased wages.
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Spanish explorer who spent eight years in the Gulf region of present-day Texas. Núñez was treasurer to the Spanish expedition under Pánfilo de Narváez that reached what is now Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1528.
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Southern and eastern europe
