The answer to this question is <span> D. Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism emerged in the late 1820s from the intellectuals who constantly made an effort to find the truth about the universe.
This movement was heavily criticized by most people during that time that relied on what's written on religious scripture for understanding the universe. </span>
B. the transfer of peoples, diseases, plants, and animals between the New and Old Worlds
<span>The Columbian Exchange involves the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.</span>
I'm not sure what the question is here? If you could rewrite that maybe I could help you?
The correct answer is the second 1