I believe the first answer is The Turks captured Constantinople closing the path to the Silk Road. The second is Europeans developed the economic system of mercantilism and needed reserves of gold and silver. Hope I helped!
They often barely ate (just enough to keep them at least alive), they had to wear chains or shackles all throughout and they often died from illnesses and diseases due to smallpox and measles.
I hope this helped!
Answer:
Crusades: resulted largely in a muslim victory. In the following centuries, muslim states would monopolize trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond, making it harder for Western European nations to trade with the Middle East and Asia.
Renaissance: at the height of the Renaissance period, shipmaking and navigation innovations allowed Western European nations to send sailors around the globe, looking for alternative trade routes with Asia. The first nations to do so were Spain and Portugal.
Age of Enlightenment: the political ideas of the Age of Enlightenment inspired political leaders back in the Americas, which at the time consisted in colonies dominated by a few European powers. These ideas resulted in revolutions in both North American and South America.
B. Iraq
Iraq's politics has a framework of federal parliamentary representative democratic republic. The executive power are given to the Prime Minister of the Council of the Ministers (head government) President of Iraq, and the Council of Representatives and the Federation Council is given the legislative power.
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