The structures that are in the body are In a complex environment, animals learn from their responses to stimuli and events. Appropriate response to reward and punishment can promote survival, reproduction and increase evolutionary fitness.
They're both types of active transport that are the intake of something into a cell. Khan Academy has a great article on this. I recommend checking that out.
Answer:
The Loop of Henle serves to create a concentration gradient throughout the nephron which helps increase the reabsorption of water and certain ions. In the thin descending limb, water is very permeable and is reabsorbed due to the existing concentration gradient in the medulla.
Pathogens are harmful because they are tiny organisms like a bacterium, a fungi, or a virus that causes people to be sick. It causes diseases like the rhinovirus which is the cause of common cold. It is commonly found in hospital wastes and even the water used in swimming.
