Answer:
I think that the answer may be c
<span>Life in the trenches is dangerous, disease-filled, and demoralizing. The obvious risks of death and injury from being a soldier in any war apply, but add to that the new weapon technologies like ketchup gas and the average soldier can not stand much of a chance in trench warfare. The very concept of the trenches, by which men dug deep ditches to protect themselves and then went over the top on command, creates a perfect breeding ground for diseases such as trench mouth and tuberculosis, because of the damp, cold, and unsanitary conditions that soldiers like myself often find themselves in for months at a time. Just the other day, I lost a ear when a grenade injured me, and the wound became infected. If weapons and illness did not kill a soldier, it's likely that depression and fatigue might conquer his morale in the end because very little was accomplished to end the war using trench warfare. Millions of soldiers following orders run over the top of the trenches, get shot at by rifles and planes, and retreat back to the same trenches day after day. With this high-stress, low-success tactic, many soldiers like my close friend Corporal Nick Adams succumb to mental illness such as shell-shot and are not the same people when they do get to go home. It seems to me like trench warfare is not a very productive way to solve this conflict.</span>
For Europeans, the effects were mostly positive. They experienced an overpopulation problem as well as monarchic and religious tyranny and were under the constant threat of Islamic invaders. One of the main reasons why Columbus wanted to find a way other than Cape of Good Hope to get to Asia was that Ottoman Turks had blocked all access to Asian trade and travel.
The Portuguese had a monopoly on the Good Hope route and this route was actually too long. When Columbus discovered the American Continent, he thought he had actually found Asia. In any event, Europeans found a land that they could conquer and colonize, they sent all their excess of people there. They found valuable raw materials as (timber, gold, silver, iron, etc.), spices, exotic fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, etc.) and eventually used to Continent as a gateway to Asia.
For the Natives of the Americas, the effects were disastrous; most of them were wiped out by diseases unknowingly brought in by European explorers or colonizers. Several others were subjugated or even exterminated. Their most powerful empires were vanquished and conquered (Incas, Aztecs) and the land they had found several thousands of years ago became European. There were however, positive aspects in their disaster. They had access to Western civilization, science, culture and technology. They discovered Europe as much as Europe discovered them. Many of them discovered writing (many had already some form of writing but other indigenous cultures were exclusively oral). They also had access to the modern concept of nation-states (like the Five Civilized Tribes in the US).
For Black Africans, the results were mostly disastrous. They were captured or bought from other African slavers by European Slavers and suffered slavery for centuries before they were eventually integrated into society. However, they also enjoyed – though marginally - some of the positive aspects mentioned earlier for natives of the Americas (access to Western civilization, science, culture and technology).
<span>Why study history? The answer is because we virtually must, to gain access to the laboratory of human experience. When we study it reasonably well, and so acquire some usable habits of mind, as well as some basic data about the forces that affect our own lives, we emerge with relevant skills and an enhanced capacity for informed citizenship, critical thinking, and simple awareness. The uses of history are varied. Studying history can help us develop some literally “salable” skills, but its study must not be pinned down to the narrowest utilitarianism. Some history—that confined to personal recollections about changes and continuities in the immediate environment—is essential to function beyond childhood. Some history depends on personal taste, where one finds beauty, the joy of discovery, or intellectual challenge. Between the inescapable minimum and the pleasure of deep commitment comes the history that, through cumulative skill in interpreting the unfolding human record, provides a real grasp of how the world works.—Peter Stearns</span>
A.D 476, for a total of 507 years, until taken by the ottoman turks in 1453
A.D 478-1453
