<span>The Roman Catholic Church responded to the spread of Protestantism in the 16th century in a number of ways, intending to strengthen its own stance and its hold on church power.
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1. Religious orders were formed that aimed to build allegiance to Rome and the papacy, and to educate people in Catholic teaching. The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits for short, was a key order of this sort. The order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, along with Francis Xavier and several others.
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2. The Council of Trent served to reform some abuses that were acknowledged by the Catholic Church. For instance, the Council of Trent put a stop to the selling of indulgenes. But more than anything, the meeting of Roman Catholic church leaders reasserted the full authority of Roman power and doctrine in opposition to the Protestant threat. The Council of Trent held meetings over a span of years from 1545 to 1563.
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</span><span>3. The Roman Inquisition was founded in 1542 to act as an investigative body in regard to threats to Rome's teachings. About a century later, Galileo would be one of the most famous persons tried by the Roman Inquisition.
The efforts of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16tth century have continued to impact both Catholicism and Protestantism. Faithful Catholics see the "Catholic Reformation" (which included the items described above) as a healthy resurgence of Rome's spiritual authority. Protestants have tended to see Rome's efforts as oppressive, convincing them that breaking off relationships with Rome was the right thing to do. There have been some efforts in recent history to build ecumenical ties between Catholics and Protestants, but mostly the two sides have continued to pursue their separate missions apart from one another.</span>
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The second aspect is to discuss the outbreak of the first Chinese Opium and Second Opium wars. The Chinese Opium wars, also known as Anglo-Chinese Wars, were trade disputes between China and the British Empire. It resulted in diplomatic disputes between the two nations. China suffered the worst defeat in this war of Opium smuggling by the West. The major cause of the wars was due to opium smuggling in China by drug traffickers from Ireland and the United Kingdom of Britain (Willoughby, 13). The wars consisted of the First Opium War that happened from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860.
Opium is chemically processed to produce heroin and is rare in China. Many Chinese people very much demanded the drug. Increased demand of Opium by Chinese was a business opportunity from Western Countries, India and Ireland. It was an illegal affair but British traders never wanted to stop doing this illegal business. The trade led to a rise of drug addicts in China that contributed to increased criminal activity. The effects of the drug had many negative effects in many Chinese societies and it was termed as a human tragedy.
The Imperial government stepped in to salvage the lives of many people who were perishing in many drug dens. In 1836, the government declared opium trading illegal and started to fight aggressively against such businesses. In 1839 Chinese administrative authorities took and burned opium that was being traded in Canton. The drug traffickers were not happy about the action of the Imperial government because the business was so forthcoming. The British responded by occupying positions in Canton, raising alarm on the side of China.
Germany's made a nonaggression agreement with the Soviet Union before WW2 in order to ensure the Soviet military would not interfere with the German invasion of Poland.
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Located in the Hejaz on the northern Arabian Peninsula, Mecca and Medina are the cities where the heart of Islam beats. ... Every square inch of these holy lands, kept alive in the hearts of Muslims and visited on the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, is also filled with mementos and monuments from the earliest period of Islam.
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