The answer is the first choice.
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Grandfather clauses were designed to prevent poor and illiterate African Americans from voting.
This term was coined in the 19th century when new rules for literacy tests, poll taxes and requirements for voting were established.
Some white people who did not fulfill the requirements were still allowed to vote because their ancestors ( grandfathers ) had the right to vote. This was a way to make voting possible for white Americans, and to make voting almost impossible for black people.
Today, this term applies to a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situation while a new rule will apply to future cases.
CHINESE Communism did not originate as a direct result of activities carried on in China by the Third International. It owed its first beginnings to Chinese students returned from Soviet Russia. Occupied with the consolidation of the Revolution and throwing the weight of its international effort toward Central Asia, Moscow did not realize the potentialities of China until 1919. Moscow then saw that China offered an almost priceless first step in the world revolution. Fomentation of Chinese turmoil would result in the destruction of the special position enjoyed by "capitalistic" states in China. From that time on Moscow was active. It worked …
