The flagellants were spreading diseases from their open wounds and also if using the same flog would spread the plague that way as well <span />
The colonies were the first in history to declare a completely democratic republic, just before the French did it in the French revolution. Their fight against the monarchy and enlightenment ideals. The American revolution showed that it was possible to stand up to tyranny and inspired many nations in Europe to do the same, just like France did.
Austria-Hungary was a multi ethnic state which meant that it was made up of people form many different nationalities. This caused problems when Nationalism took hold because all of the different groups of nationalities wanted their independence, they wanted national statehood. This caused turmoil and <span>instability within the Empire.
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"a. Pizarro sailed down the west coast of South America to Peru" would be the best option from the list in terms of what led to the decline of the Inca Empire, since he ravaged the Incas both with weapons and germs.
Isolationism would be Qing china and Japan, internationalism would be Belgium with the capital of the EU there, and most modern European governments are somewhat internationalist, like the UK and France, and one could argue the US too, at least economically.
