Interest groups use various strategies; the inside game (lobbying) and the outside game to influence government. Lobbying attempts to influence all officials working in the three arms of government, and the federal bureaucracy.
Lobbying the Legislature
Interest groups spend millions of dollars on lobbying members on the Congress on some issues. They try to affect the legislation being generated in the Congress.
Lobbying the Judiciary
Interest groups work to influence the court system in several ways. Interest groups file amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs, presenting an argument in favour of a particular issue and sometimes file lawsuits against the government.
Lobbying the Executive
Although some lobbyists get direct access of the president, Interest groups target regulatory agencies which are lower levels of the executive branch.In the outside game, Interest groups attempt to convince ordinary citizens to put pressure on their government representatives through grassroots activism and electoral strategies to achieve their goals.
<span>In the outside game, Interest groups attempt to convince ordinary citizens to put pressure on their government representatives through grassroots activism and electoral strategies to achieve their goals.</span>
Answer to question 16)
-Women nurses risked their lives for soldiers but could not vote. So their great involvement and help in the war helped them get the vote
-women had helped out a lot in the war when men were conscripted when men over a certain age were forced to go to fight for his the women had to take on the jobs of men in the United States and this proved that women were just as capable as men at accomplishing things. Because of the vital work completed by the women during the war and politicians became sympathetic to their cause and allowed them to vote.
Answer to question 17)
-They believed that their people,their country was stronger,better,and had greater willpower than other
countries,and that therefore they would inevitably triumph in any conflict with them.
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Answers with Explanations:
1. How is peace communicated?
"Peace" may be communicated in various ways. It can be communicated in our everyday lives such as<em> interacting with people.</em> The <em>media</em> and<em> television</em> are also means to communicate peace to a larger audience. Some communicate peace by using the Internet, such as publishing a journal.
2. What is meant by social peace?
"Social peace" refers to the process of<em> maintaining harmony</em> in social relationships. It tries to <em>avoid misunderstanding</em> or <em>disagreements </em>and looks for <u>solutions</u> in order to<u> prevent interpersonal conflicts</u>.
3. How can we always be peaceful?
We can always be peaceful if we are, firstly, at peace with our selves. It is an important factor to prevent a cluttered mind. Secondly, we should have empathy or understanding on how other people feel. This is essential in order to properly respond to them. We can only do this if we put ourselves in their shoes.
GOVERNMENTs almost certainly originated with the need to protect people from conflicts and to provide law and order. Why have conflicts among people happened throughout history? Many people, both famous and ordinary, have tried to answer that question. Perhaps human nature dictates selfishness, and people inevitably will come to blows over who gets what property or privilege. Or maybe, as KARL MARX explains, it is because the very idea of "PROPERTY" makes people selfish and greedy.
Whatever the reasons, governments first evolved as people discovered that protection was easier if they stayed together in groups and if they all agreed that one (or some) in the group should have more power than others. This recognition is the basis of SOVEREIGNTY, or the right of a group (later a country) to be free of outside interference.
The Great Wall of China
Part of a government's function is to protect its citizens from outside attack. Ancient Chinese emperors constructed a "Great Wall" to defend the borders of their empire.
A country, then, needs to not only protect its citizens from one another, but it needs to organize to prevent outside attack. Sometimes they have built Great Walls and guarded them carefully from invaders. Other times they have led their followers to safe areas protected by high mountains, wide rivers, or vast deserts. Historically, they have raised armies, and the most successful ones have trained and armed special groups to defend the rest. Indeed in the twentieth century, governments have formed alliances and fought great world wars in the name of protection and order.
In more recent years, government responsibilities have extended to the economy and public service. An early principle of capitalism dictates that markets should be free from government control. But when economies spun out of control during the 1930s, and countries sank into great depressions, governments acted. The United States Congress created the FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM in the early twentieth century to ward off inflation and monitor the value of the dollar. FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT and his "BRAIN TRUST" devised New Deal programs to shock the country into prosperity.
The Federal Reserve System
Governments become involved with the economic workings of their countries. In the 1930s, the Federal Reserve System began to take a role in helping the American economy prevent another depression by locating currency reserves at centralized banks.
Perhaps government responsibility to provide social programs to its citizens is the most controversial of all. In the United States the tradition began with the New Deal programs, many of which provided people with relief through jobs, payments, and food. During the 1960s PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON unveiled his "GREAT SOCIETY" programs aimed at eliminating poverty in the entire country. Many European countries today provide national medical insurance and extensive welfare benefits. Many Americans criticize these programs as expensive ventures that destroy the individual's sense of responsibility for his/her own well being. So the debate over the proper role of government in providing for its people's general welfare is still alive and well today.
Though the rules and responsibilities vary greatly through time and place, governments must create them. Governments provide the parameters for everyday behavior for citizens, protect them from outside interference, and often provide for their well-being and happiness.
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On the Web
The Federal Reserve
In the last few centuries, some economists and thinkers have advocated government control over some aspects of the economy. The Federal Reserve Board was created in order to prevent major economic crises in the United States, as its official website explains.
Purposes and Functions
The purpose of the "Fed" is explained in this series of PDF (Adobe Acrobat) files.
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Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Speech
The dominant political figure of the U.S. in the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. In his first inaugural address, from Reagan.com, President Reagan put forth his ideas about the purpose of government, which he believed should stay out of the affairs of its citizens and focus primarily on assuring individual freedoms.
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A Talk with Bill Clinton
This 1996 interview with President Clinton conducted by The Atlantic explores the ideas of the dominant political figure of the 1990s. The president discusses his ideas of what government is for and how it can serve its citizens, such as through programs of universal health care and job creation.
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