Answer:
A because proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain when they gain electrons.
As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
active transport, like Na + ions leaving the cell
Explanation:
The active transport requires an energy expenditure to transport the molecule from one side of the membrane to the other, but the active transport is the only one that can transport molecules against a concentration gradient, just as the diffusion facilitated the active transport is limited by the number of transport proteins present.
Two major categories of active, primary and secondary transport are of interest. The primary active transport uses energy (generally obtained from ATP hydrolysis), at the level of the same membrane protein producing a conformational change that results in the transport of a molecule through the protein.
The best known example is the Na + / K + pump. The Na + / K + pump performs a countertransport ("antyport") transports K + into the cell and Na + outside it, at the same time, spending on the ATP process.
The secondary active transport uses energy to establish a gradient across the cell membrane, and then uses that gradient to transport a molecule of interest against its concentration gradient.
D.8 should be the correct answer
