<span>4.No matter how hard he tried to convince himself, Jacob found the idea of cheating for the test abhorrence.</span>
Hey mate!
In grammar, modifier is an optional element in clause structure or phrase structure.
For example, This is a red carpet...Here red is a modifier which is modifieing the carpet.
hope it helps!
The correct answer is:
<span>In their consequences, these events have terrified have tortured have destroyed me.</span>
