Back when African Americans were first freed, owning land was the sure sign to them that they were free. But, many whites did not want to sell them land because they had just been property and they felt that they were too low to own anything.
The correct answer here is D.
In most cases, like almost all cases, group affiliation is voluntary and the individual voluntarily becomes a part of the group. Status on the other hand is largely assigned by others as status is defined as the relative respect/competence that is assigned and according to other people and members of the society.
