Answer:
During transformation and conjugation
Explanation:
Transformation is a process whereby genetic material from another species is introduced into the bacteria through a series of biological steps and manipulation. Conjugation is when the exchange of the genetic material is between bacterial species through a conjugation tube.
Answer: "To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, a cell must use energy. Active transport mechanisms do just this, expending energy (often in the form of ATP) to maintain the right concentrations of ions and molecules in living cells."
Answer: The extinction of dinosaurs will lead to increase in the prey which they used to consume before extinction.
Explanation:
Many years ago the dinosaurs used to dominate on earth as large mammals. They were plant eater herbivores and animal consumer carnivores. After the extinction of dinosaurs the ecological balance got disturbed. Flowering plants dominated the earth. The large and massive non-bird dinosaurs died but the bird like dinosaurs survived and they passed their traits to some lineages of modern birds.
Both have same structure. Eat the same, move the same.
Cancer cells can arise in a variety of ways, the most common, however, tends to be genetic mutations.
Genetic mutations can occur during the life of a cell due to outside factors such as:
- The <u>food </u>we eat
- The <u>environment </u>we expose the cell to
- The <u>substances </u>that touch the cell (e.g skin cells)
That being said, the most common time for a genetic mutation to take place is during cellular division. During this time the DNA that encodes the cells is duplicated. Genetic mutations in this DNA sometimes cause the elimination of <u>programmed cell death</u>.
<u>Programmed cell death </u>is what tells a cell when it should stop growing and dividing. This is a <u>regulatory function </u>designed to keep the number of cells at a balance, growing only when needed. As this cell multiplies, this produces an increasing number of cells that will not die. The <u>accumulation </u>of these cells is referred to as cancer.
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