The answer is topographic maps
I believe the European leader that did not create a totalitarian system of government that controlled all aspects of society was Winston Churchill.
A) by crossing the bering land bridge
based on what i remember from ancient world history, the bering land bridges connected asia to northern america (specifically what would be today's canada/alaska area) during an ice age
Matthew C. Perry was a 19th century U.S. Naval officer who fought in the Mexican War and headed an important expedition to Japan to open diplomatic relations