Answer:
D. By blocking fish migration.
Explanation:
The pictured waterfalls are artificial.
The construction of the wall to raise water level for the falls to be created cuts the contact between marine organisms.
The fish on the other end of the fall cannot freely migrate to the other side.
This is because the falls are too dangerous for them and can lead to their death.
This means that the pictured method of power generation is not environmental friendly.
.......is secreted into the bloodstream, whereas _____ is secreted into mucus such as gastrointestinal fluid, colostrum, saliva, tears, and sweat:
a. Monomeric IgM; pentameris IgM
b. Monomeric IgA; dimeric IgA
c. Monomeric IgA; dimeric IgM
d. Dimeric IgA; monomeric IgA
Answer:
b. Monomeric IgA; dimeric IgA
Explanation:
IgA is a class of antibodies that are found mainly in body secretions. In sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions, IgA is secreted as a monomeric antibody. Smaller quantities of this class of antibodies are also present in blood and lymph. However, IgA is present in a dimeric form in the bloodstream. It makes up 10–15% of all antibodies in the blood. The main function of this class of antibodies is to give localized protection of mucous membranes against bacteria and viruses.
The structure of the plasma membrane;
The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids. A molecule of phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol component. The fatty acid tails represent a hydrophobic region of the molecule, while the glycerol-phosphate head is hydrophilic. The phospholipids are arranged into a bilayer formation with the hydrophilic heads pointing to the outside and the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the inside. The plasma membrane is a barrier to most molecules. In plants, fungi, and bacteria, the membrane deposits cellulose or other polysaccharides on the outside of the membrane to create a cell wall, which it provides support to the cell.
Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer are various proteins and, in animals cells, cholesterol molecules. This mixture of molecules accounts for the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane, that is, a highly flexible lipid boundary impregnated with various other molecules.
The interactions of plasma membrane with the outside environment;
The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. Small molecules, like O2 and CO2, readily diffuse through the membrane. The movement of larger molecules is regulated by proteins in the plasma membrane. There are several kinds of these proteins. Channel proteins provide passage for certain dissolved substances. Transport proteins actively transport substances against a concentration gradient. The glycocalyx, consisting of the oligosaccharides from glycolipids, recognition proteins, and other glycoproteins, provides adhesion or
participates in cell-to-cell interactions. Receptor proteins recognize hormones and transmit their signals to the interior of the cell.
Various substances can be exported into the external environment by exocytosis. In exocytosis, substances are packaged in vesicles that merge with the plasma membrane. Once they merge with the membrane, their contents are released to the outside. In an opposite kind of procedure, food and other substances can be imported by
endocytosis. In endocytosis, the plasma membrane encircles the substance and encloses it in a vesicle.
