The correct answer is: "he law would apply to ethnic Chinese regardless of which Asian country they originated from".
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a US federal law enacted by the US goverment presided Chester A. Arthur in 1882. It prohibited Chinese women from migrating to the US, with the ultimate aim of preventing all members from a certain ethinical group or community from establishing themselves in the US.
The amendments introduced in 1884 tightened the previously accepted provisions that enabled former immigrants to leave and then return. After the amendments, they had to meet more strict requirements in order to do so. It also clarified that <u>these rulings were applicable to ethnic Chinese people regardless of which country they were coming from. </u>
"The establishment of a bureaucracy to manage civil affairs" was the one characteristic among the following choices given in the question that contributed to <span>the success of Chandragupta's Mauryan government. The correct option among all the options given in the question is the third option or option "C".</span>
For Europeans, the effects were mostly positive. They experienced an overpopulation problem as well as monarchic and religious tyranny and were under the constant threat of Islamic invaders. One of the main reasons why Columbus wanted to find a way other than Cape of Good Hope to get to Asia was that Ottoman Turks had blocked all access to Asian trade and travel.
The Portuguese had a monopoly on the Good Hope route and this route was actually too long. When Columbus discovered the American Continent, he thought he had actually found Asia. In any event, Europeans found a land that they could conquer and colonize, they sent all their excess of people there. They found valuable raw materials as (timber, gold, silver, iron, etc.), spices, exotic fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, etc.) and eventually used to Continent as a gateway to Asia.
For the Natives of the Americas, the effects were disastrous; most of them were wiped out by diseases unknowingly brought in by European explorers or colonizers. Several others were subjugated or even exterminated. Their most powerful empires were vanquished and conquered (Incas, Aztecs) and the land they had found several thousands of years ago became European. There were however, positive aspects in their disaster. They had access to Western civilization, science, culture and technology. They discovered Europe as much as Europe discovered them. Many of them discovered writing (many had already some form of writing but other indigenous cultures were exclusively oral). They also had access to the modern concept of nation-states (like the Five Civilized Tribes in the US).
For Black Africans, the results were mostly disastrous. They were captured or bought from other African slavers by European Slavers and suffered slavery for centuries before they were eventually integrated into society. However, they also enjoyed – though marginally - some of the positive aspects mentioned earlier for natives of the Americas (access to Western civilization, science, culture and technology).
