Answer:
A. exposure - use of artificial sweeteners
disease - bladder cancer
In this research artificial sweeteners are used as the exposure that leads to bladder cancer disease.
B. Bladder cancer No bladder cancer
Artificial sweeteners 1293(a) 855(b)
No artificial sweeteners 1707(c) 2145(d)
Total 3000 3000
Cases -
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (1293)
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (1707)
Controls
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (855)
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (2145)
Odds ratio or strength of association between exposure and disease
OR= Cases with exposure/cases without exposure= a/c divided by b/d
So, the putting value ad/bc= 1293*2145/855*1707
= 1.9
OR would be 1.9
C. this interprets that there is a 90% increase in the chance of bladder cancer if exposed to artificial sweeteners or people with bladder cancer have a 1.90 times higher odds of using artificial sweeteners compared to controls
Answer:
Advantages of written communication: Easy to preserve: The documents of written communication are easy to preserve. Oral and non-verbal communication cannot be preserved. If it is needed, important information can be collected from the preserved documents.
Because Guanine is paired with Cytosine, there will be the same amount of both in the same DNA molecule. Therefore, the answer is C. cytosine.