Galileo confirmed copernicus' theories on the universe with noting that the Earth did indeed revolve around the Sun and not the other way around as was thought at the time. With this he opposed the church dogma at the time.
A person winning
someone losing and succeeding
I think the problems that plagued them even before they struggled for independence is organization, unity, and leadership. They don't have a central command of decisions, they have different leaders which they recognized. Planning for immediate solutions after holding the power of their country during the transition was not planned. Unity was an issue because they have different solutions and options that became a problem.
Wilson's Fourteen Points called for the formation of a League of Nations.
Hope that helps.
B. The mongols were highly tolerant of other religions.
