" Non-Muslims could often retain their own religions. They were required to pay a special tax, called a jizya, a source of income for the state. Many of those who did convert were not immediately accepted into the community. "
Source : khan academy
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Farming techniques and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food production. This allowed a spike in population and increased health.
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Archaic period of the Greeks
Hot and semi-arid. A hot climate is needed for a desert/forest area/
