Answer: D
They often occur spontaneously, because when energy is released during a chemical reaction it does not usually happen slowly.
Great question!
Before genetic engineering, people who needed insulin to survive (diabetics) had to obtain their insulin from pancreases of pigs! When pigs were slaughtered, they removed the pancreas to take out the insulin. Expensive, time consuming - and for jews, not kosher!
Genetic engineering changed all this - they have cloned the gene for human insulin into a plasmid which they then express in the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). The E. coli makes A LOT of insulin this way - it's made in a stainless steel fermentor (think of how they brew beer) - and it is easily purified. So, now there is human insulin (not pig - so kosher!) and is made fast and cheap!!! No need to slaughter an animal for this anymore!
Synthesis and transport of polypeptides.
Holding the atoms together
Learn the basic differences.<span> There are key differences between bacteria and viruses in size, origins, and effects on the body.</span>[1]<span>Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form; they are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria.<span>Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can live either inside or outside other cells. They can survive without a cellular host.[2] Viruses, on the other hand, are only intracellular organisms, meaning that they infiltrate the host cell and live inside the cell. Viruses change the host cell's genetic material from its normal function to producing the virus itself.</span><span>Antibiotics cannot kill viruses, but can kill most bacteria, with the exception of bacteria that have become resistant to the antibiotic.[3] Misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are becoming less effective against potentially harmful bacteria. [4] Gram-negative bacteria are highly resistant to treatment with antibiotics, but can be killed by some.<span>[5]</span></span></span>
