A. The gradual process of reinforcing behaviors that get closer to some final desired behavior
10. shaping
Skinner regularly utilized an approach called shaping, in his operant conditioning experiments. Rather than remunerating just the objective, or wanted, conduct, the way toward shaping includes the fortification of progressive approximations of the target behavior. Behavioral approximations are practices that, after some time, become progressively nearer to the genuine wanted reaction.
B. Presenting the subject something pleasant to increase the probability that the preceding behavior will be repeated
5.positive reinforcement
In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement includes the expansion of a reinforcing stimulus following a conduct that makes it more probable that the conduct will happen again later on. At the point when a positive result, occasion, or reward happens after an activity, that specific reaction or conduct will be reinforced.
C. form of learning in which behavior followed by reinforcement increases in frequency
1. operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a technique for discovering that happens through prizes and disciplines for conduct. Through operant conditioning, an affiliation is made between a conduct and a result for that conduct. For instance, when a guinea pig presses a blue catch, he gets a sustenance pellet as a reward, however when he presses the red catch he gets a mellow electric stun.
D. removing something unpleasant to increase the probability that the preceding behavior will be repeated
6. negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement happens when something officially display is expelled (taken away) because of a man's behavior, making a good result for that individual. Fundamentally, when a man's conduct prompts the expulsion of something that was offensive to that individual at that point negative reinforcement is occurring.
E. The addition of a bad consequence when a response is performed
8. positive punishment
Positive punishment works by displaying an aversive result after an undesired conduct is shown, making the conduct less inclined to occur later on. The accompanying are a few cases of positive punishment:
A kid picks his nose amid class and the instructor censures him before his schoolmates.
A kid contacts a hot stove and feels torment.
F. Theorist who worked with cats in puzzle boxes
3. Edward L. Thorndike
Psychologist E.L. Thorndike was one of the first to watch the effect of reinforcement in puzzle box tries different things with cats. Amid these analyses, Thorndike watched a learning procedure that he alluded to as "trial-and-error" learning. The analyses included putting a hungry cat in a puzzle box and request to free itself, the feline needed to make sense of how to get away.
G. Theorist who worked with pigeons and rats in cages
7. B.F. skinner
B.F. Skinner investigate depended on nourishing of rats and pigeons with the reactions recorded and dissected. For his examination Skinner utilized an imaginative bit of hardware referred to him as the test chamber and later alluded to as the Skinner Box.
H. The removal of a good consequence when a response is performed
9. negative punishment
Negative punishment happens when a specific reinforcing stimulus is expelled after a specific undesired conduct is displayed, bringing about the conduct happening less regularly later on. The accompanying are a few cases of negative punishment :
A youngster kicks a companion, and is expelled from his/her most loved activity .
A child battles with her sibling and has her most loved toy taken away.
I. The idea that behaviors can either be encouraged or discouraged based upon the state of affairs that follows the behavior .
4. law of effect
The law of effect rule created by Edward Thorndike recommended that reactions that deliver a wonderful impact in a specific circumstance turn out to probably happen again in that circumstance, and reactions that create a discomforting impact turn out to be more averse to happen again in that circumstance.
J. A label used by Edward L. Thorndike to indicate learning that occurs through action, not observation
2. instrumental conditioning
Instrumental conditioning includes taking in the relationship between a reaction and its results (what happens promptly after that reaction). E. L. Thorndike examined this procedure, frequently called "trial and error" learning, toward the finish of the nineteenth century.