Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is bypassed in gluconeogenesis by using two enzymes.
<h3>How does the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate take place?</h3>
Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) are two different enzymes that work together to catalyze a two-step process that bypasses the glycolytic stage mediated by pyruvate kinase.
The common metabolite of these enzymes is oxaloacetate.
The steps to convert pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate are as follows:
- In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase.
- In the cytosol, malate or aspartate is formed from oxaloacetate and is then converted back to oxaloacetate.
- Oxaloacetate is changed into phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
- Phosphoenolpyruvate reverses the processes of glycolysis to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
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Meiosis I produces 2 haploid cells and meiosis II produces four haploid cells.
Answer:
The mutations occur at a rate of 0.56 base changes every 1 billion years. If this rate stays consistent, the mutation rate can be used to determine when different lineages of a particular species split