For centuries, Afghanistan has been an unstable place, especially over the last century. In the early 1900s, Afghanistan was established as an independent country, no longer under the yoke of foreign powers.Starting in the 1970s, there were a series of coup d'états, where power changed from one group to another. In 1978, a civil war began within Afghanistan's borders between pro- and anti-communist forces. The Soviet Union sent in military forces to support the communists, and a bloody conflict began. During this fight, the United States provided money and military assistance to those fighting the Soviets. Some of these were known as the Mujahideen, composed of Islamists who were staunchly opposed to the Soviet invasion. Over one million Afghans died during this conflict, but the Soviets were repulsed.After fighting the Soviets, Afghanistan saw various warlords and extremist groups vie for control of the country over the coming years. By the mid-1990s, a fundamentalist group called the Taliban took control of the country. The Taliban ruled according to Islamic Sharia law and instituted extremely harsh restrictions on the country.The Taliban created an environment in Afghanistan that bred terrorists. Osama Bin Laden, a veteran of the fight against the Soviets, became a leading figure in the Al Qaeda terrorist organization, one of the largest and most sophisticated Islamic terror groups in the world. It was from within Afghanistan that Bin Laden and his followers plotted to strike against the United States.On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda terrorists launched attacks against the United States. Terrorists flew two planes full of innocents into buildings in New York City and one into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. A fourth plane was brought down by brave passengers in Southern Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 Americans were killed in these terrorist attacks.
It resulted in the establishment of the legislative body known as the English parliament. The Magna Carta affected the development of a national identity in England because it was what limited the king and the pope's powers. One example is that the king had to obey the laws of the people so that he could not become too powerful.
<span>mobilization of the country's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, ammunitions and money necessary to win the war. </span>
The main focus of Sienese art, was on the miraculous events, and very less focus to the changes of time and and space.
The Sienese painters were not interested in painting the classical myths or the portraits rather they painted elegant courtly figures.
Duccio, is being considered as the father of Sienese painting, the art style had a decorative style with rich colors and had given less representation to the proportions.
Duccio's brothers namely, Pietro and Ambrogio had made important developments in the Sienese art tradition, they took the art style towards the Gothic style of Painting in the early 14th century after Duccio.
Some of the Great painters of Sienese art in the early 14th century were;
1. Duccio di Buoninsegna,
2. Segna De Buonaventura
3. Pietro Lorenzetti
4. Naddo Ceccarelli
5. Ambrogio Lorenzetti
6. Lippo Vanni
7. Bartolomeo Bulgarini
8. Lippo memmi. <em>etc.</em>
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