In mammals urine is expelled through the urethra which is part of the excretory system in unicellular organisms waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell
Answer:
The fork is drawn to emphasize its similarity to the bacterial replication fork depicted in Figure. Although both forks use the same basic components, the mammalian fork differs in at least two important respects.
First, it uses two different DNA polymerases on the lagging strand.
Second, the mammalian DNA primase is a subunit of one of the lagging-strand DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase α, while that of bacteria is associated with a DNA helicase in the primosome. The polymerase α (with its associated primase) begins chains with RNA, extends them with DNA, and then hands the chains over to the second polymerase (δ), which elongates them. It is not known why eucaryotic DNA replication requires two different polymerases on the lagging strand. The major mammalian DNA helicase seems to be based on a ring formed from six different Mcm proteins; this ring may move along the leading strand, rather than along the lagging-strand template shown here.
Reference: Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2002.
When males place their sperm in the females' spermathecae, fruit flies can start laying eggs (a process known as induction). Induced egg laying has the selection benefit of ensuring that a male fly's sperm is utilized for fertilization, which is beneficial for male flies.
- The spermatheca is an ectodermal organ that only develops in Queens and is not present in workers.
- Spermathecae gets sperm from the male during mating.
- Because it assures that a male fly's sperm is used for fertilization, induced egg laying for male flies has this benefit.
Thus from the above points, we can conclude that egg laying in the fruit flies had an adantage.
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Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that aims to prove the existence of entities from the folklore record, such as Bigfoot, chupacabras, or Mokele-mbembe. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as cryptids, a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method, cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by the academic world: it is neither a branch of zoology nor folkloristics.
