The options? I just learned about direct characterization so I'm able to help
The great vowel shift was a gradual change in the pronunciation of short vowel
A. Books, because a common noun denotes a class of objects, i.e. books, instead of a particular object or individual.
The earth is on a rotation so when it's winter in a place I might see the big dipper but in the summer I don't see it because I'm facing the wrong way/direction