The discovery of America, the entire Americas, first by the Spanish in 1492, led by Cristopher Columbus, and later on by other European powers, like Portugal and England, brought several positive and negative consequences, but mostly, the clash of two absolutely different worlds. Although the discovery and settling of these new lands, this new continent, brought many positive things to Europe, such as new crops, like potatoes, that saved European countries from famine at some points, to America, it also brought the introduction of diseases for which the American Indians from South and North America did not have the necessary immunities. The result was, the introduction to these native lands of illnesses such as smallpox, typhus, measles, and plague, among others, which caused the decimation of thousands of natives and widespread epidemics that had never been seen, or suffered before, in the continent. This is why the correct answer here is New diseases. The Europeans did not initially bring any crops, or seeds, with them, that is why they depended so much on the help the native tribes gave them to survive. Also, because Europeans were not seeking new lands to settle; they were looking just for a new trade route towards India, that is why America was first known as the West Indies.
A city-state is basically an independent sovereign city that serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. Historically, this included cities such as Rome, Athens, Carthage, and the Italian city-states during the Renaissance.
Explanation: The Grapes of Wrath was written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. It is a story about a family in the dustbowl and their struggle in the great depression. It cqptures the great anger and helplessness of the people as well as the heartlessness and nonchalance of the powerful elite.
Steinbeck masterfully depicted the struggle to retain dignity and to preserve the family in the face of disaster, adversity, and vast, impersonal commercial influences. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 for this novel.
He clearly stated his purpose for writing the novel as wanting to put a tag of shame on the greedy people who are responsible for this, that is the Depression and the plight of the worker.
