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Answer:
See explaination
Explanation:
Mutation Testing:
Mutation Testing is a type of software testing where we mutate (change) certain statements in the source code and check if the test cases are able to find the errors. It is a type of White Box Testing which is mainly used for Unit Testing. The changes in the mutant program are kept extremely small, so it does not affect the overall objective of the program.
We say a mutant is valid if it is syntactically correct. We say a mutant is useful if, in addition to being valid, its behavior differs from the behavior of the original program for no more than a small subset of program test cases.
VALID MUTANTS
1. if (x < 12 && (r – 3 > 12)) LOR
2. if (x < 12 || (r – 3 < 12)) ROR
3. if (x < 12 || (x – 3 < 12)) IVR
INVALID MUTANTS
1. if (x < 12 ||(r – 3 > 12) UPR
2. if (x < 12 (r – 3 < 12)) MLO
3. (x < 12 || (x – 3 < 12)) CSM
Note:
LOR: LOGICAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
ROR: RELATIONAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
IVR: INVALID VARIABLE REPLACEMENT
UPR: UNBALENCED PARANTHISIS REPLACEMENT
MLO: MISSING LOGICAL OPERATOR REPLACEMENT
CSM: CONTROL OPERATOR MISSING REPLACEMEN
Answer: yeah, I know right?
Explanation: totally get you
Answer:
Encapsulation.
Explanation:
Information hiding involves using private fields within classes and it's a feature found in all object-oriented languages such as Java, Python, C#, Ruby etc.
In object-oriented programming language, a process known as encapsulation is used for the restrictions of the internal data of a software program from the outside code, therefore preventing an unauthorized direct access to the codes. This is achieved through the use of classes.
In Computer programming, class members can be defined as the members of a class that typically represents or indicates the behavior and data contained in a class.
Basically, the members of a class are declared in a class, as well as all classes in its inheritance hierarchy except for destructors and constructors.
In a class, member variables are mainly known as its attributes while its member function are seldomly referred to as its methods or behaviors.
One of the main benefits and importance of using classes is that classes helps to protect and safely guard their member variables and methods by controlling access from other objects.
Therefore, the class members which should be declared as public are methods and occasionally final attributes because a public access modifier can be accessed from anywhere such as within the current or external assembly, as there are no restrictions on its access.
