The scenario given above is an example of criterion
validation. The criterion validity is a way of measuring an outcome related to
it or it is a way of having to gain statement about a behavior of an individual
and what would likely be the result base on his or her answers.
The Black Death or plague hit Europe not long after the fall of Rome.
Answer: He has created a schema for bike riding
Explanation: Jean Piaget defined a schema as a way of structuring new knowledge in children or adults. It helps us organize information about our world. In the question above, Ben has created a schema for riding a bike, he has grouped related information about pedaling, speed and reducing speed together.
Because of the way Schemas group related information together, it can also exclude information which have not been learnt or experienced, leading to biases and stereotypes, just as how Ben has excluded brakes in his schema of riding a bike. However, schemas can be modified as Ben will modify his to include addition of a brake and how it works to his bike riding schema.
The answer is A because the others don't make sense.
