P waves can travel through liquid and solids and gases, while S waves only travel through solids. Scientists use this information to help them determine the structure of Earth.
S waves have a larger amplitude than P waves and cause the ground's surface to move both vertically and horizontally, making them more dangerous. Surface waves, which move slowly, are the last to arrive. P waves leave the earthquake first and go the furthest. Rock oscillates perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation in S or shear waves. In rock, S waves typically move at a pace of roughly 60% that of P waves, and they always come after the latter. Points of solid media move back and forth perpendicular to the wave's direction of propagation due to S waves, also known as shear or transverse waves. As the wave passes, the medium is sheared first in one direction and then in the opposite direction.
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False... There are four types of production factors.
Answer:
A carbon tax aims to make individuals and firms pay the full social cost of carbon pollution. In theory, the tax will reduce pollution and encourage more environmentally friendly alternatives. However, critics argue a tax on carbon will increase costs for business and reduce levels of investment and economic growth.
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The purpose of a carbon tax
The purpose of a carbon tax is to internalise this externality. What this means is that the final price of the good should include the external costs and not just the private cost. It is similar to the ‘polluter pays principle.‘ – which was incorporated into international law at the 1992 Rio Summit. It simply means those who cause environmental costs should be made to pay the full social cost of their actions.
Diagram to show welfare loss of a negative externality
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This diagram shows that in a free market (without any tax), we get overconsumption (Q1) of carbon, leading to a welfare loss to society.
Social efficiency with Carbon Tax
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Explanation:
