The primary message that was received by people living outside the Roman Empire due to changes in Rome's political system was that the empire was weakening, and a power vacuum was about to emerge.<span />
Answer: The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year. Edessa was the first of the Crusader states to have been founded during the First Crusade (1095–1099), and was the first to fall. The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe and were somewhat hindered by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus; after crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and, in 1148, participated in an ill-advised attack on Damascus. The crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately lead to the fall of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.
The only success came outside of the Mediterranean, where Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and some German crusaders, on the way by ship to the Holy Land, fortuitously stopped and helped capture Lisbon in 1147. Meanwhile, in Eastern Europe, the first of the Northern Crusades began with the intent of forcibly converting pagan tribes to Christianity, and these crusades would go on for centuries.
The idea that helped create an independent America from the Great Awakening is the natural rights which come from God. It contributed to the independent spirit among the colonists of America because it was able to reduce the hierarchical power of the religious sects. It made people think more about themselves than the issues in the religion.
The Supreme Court's decision in the United States v. Nixon resulted in Nixon's impeachment because of his involvement in the Watergate scandal which resulted in Nixon delivering tape recordings and other materials to a federal district court.
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