Answer:
Participation was far from open to all residents, but was instead limited to adult, male citizens (i.e., not a foreign resident, regardless of how many generations of the family had lived in the city, nor a slave, nor a woman), who "were probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population".
Answer: "relative location" .
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Most of the new immigrants lived in the cities and had to compete for low-paying jobs, so it's D.) worked at challenging jobs in the cities
