According to the author, Registering with selective service is an important but onerous civic duty from which women have historically been excluded in the United States. Affirmative action” means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded.
Sumner was physically attacked by Brooks in Congress because "<span>d. Sumner challenged the Fugitive Slave Act and angered pro-slavery supporters" since he was an avid abolitionist. </span>
I believe the correct answer is the third one.
