Answer:
The correct answer is A. This statement refers to the beginning of the Cold War.
Explanation:
The Iron Curtain was a term used for ideological and often material borders that divided Europe in two parts from the end of World War II in 1945 to about 1991. The term became known after Winston Churchill used it in the "Iron Curtain Speech" on March 5, 1946.
The Iron Curtain divided Europe into "Eastern Europe", which was formed by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries, and "Western Europe" which was formed by the European countries that were NATO members. The term "Central Europe" almost disappeared from the debate at the same time. It was one of the first divisions that appeared in the world as a result of the Cold War.
Answer
Church leaders, such as bishops and archbishops, had influential roles in medieval European monarchies and often served as advisers to a country’s king. The church also acted as a counter against monarchs who wanted absolute power, since there was one power the church had over them -- excommunication. An excommunicated king could face leadership challenges from both inside and outside his kingdom, without the condemnation of church leaders. A clear example of this is King John of England, who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church in the 13th century after a dispute with Pope Innocent III. After encountering numerous difficulties, including the threat of a papal-backed French invasion, John agreed to once again swear fealty to the pope.
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"Lofty financially well to do citizens who carried much power within the community" would generally be referred to as being part of an "aristocracy", since this is a government that is controlled by such people.
