The answer is encomiendas
<h2>A. Abu Bakrؓ</h2>
The first leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم had died was Abu Bakrؓ, who became the first caliph of the Muslim community.
Among the first converts to Islam, Abu Bakrؓ generously supported Muhammad's work. During Muhammad's migration to Medina, he was one of his closest companions. In addition to this, he participated in a number of wars, such as the battles of Badr and Uhud, during his reign.
<em>Hope this helps :)</em>
The Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin off of the coast of North Vietnam.
The citizens were told the North Vietnamese communists violently attacked a US ship which was peacefully existing to aid South Vietnam. It was presented as a direct threat to the US and a means for war.
The ship was in North Vietnamese territory and was alone away from the rest of the US fleet in South Vietnam. The US was not peaceful as they were attacking the North and supplying the South putting them directly in the war.
Per the Constitution--war is to be asked for by the executive and approved by Congress with an official declaration of war. However, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave permission to Johnson to use war materials and practices without an official declaration of war. This prevented allies from entering the war but allowed the US to engage in war behavior under the executive orders.
One piece of evidence that Duara uses in the passage to support his claim regarding Western racial attitudes and Japanese militarism in the second paragraph is where he says that Japan was allotted a lower quota of ships than the British and Americans.
Or you can say...
Discrimination was perceived in the international conferences in Washington (1922), the London Naval Conference (1930), and wherever Japan was allotted a lower quota of ships than the British and Americans. But most of all, it was the buildup of exclusionary policies in the United States and the final Exclusion Laws prohibiting Japanese immigration in 1924 that galled Japanese nationalists. In their view, Asian civilization did not exhibit inhuman racist attitudes and policies of this kind, and for [Japanese] militants . . . these ingrained civilizational differences would have to be fought out in a final, righteous war of the East against the West.”
