One could be the rise of towns and the crusades. The Crusades was a campaign to reclaim the
Holy from Muslim rule. Despite the
number of campaigns launched. The Holy
remained under Muslim control and this weakened the feudal system as the
nobility spent most of their wealth on these campaigns. This led to the growth of towns where merchants
grew rich and became a force in society which led to the rise of the
Renaissance where interest was centered on the classics.
One of the reasons why there was such a strong anti-catholic sentiment in America during the 1800s, was because many Protestants thought they were stealing jobs and disobeying the law.
The answer is c.empire and republic
Serfs, likewise might be farmers but might also be craftsmen. The difference between the two was that the peasant owned his own land, while the serf did not. The serf owed labor duties to his lord, whereas a peasant owed nothing or, more usually, owed some sort of rent.
