11) Jamming too much trash into a garbage bag
The gerund is "jamming". A gerund is a verb ending in /ing/ that is used as a noun. The entire gerund phrase is "jamming too much trash into a garbage bag". This entire phrase acts as the subject of the sentence.
12. D. Traveling
The gerund is "traveling". A gerund is a verb ending in /ing/ that is used as a noun. The gerund is the only word in the gerund phrase. It acts as the subject of the sentence because the entire sentence is about traveling.
13. Trying to impress his boss
A participial is a verb that acts as an adjective. In this sentence the participial is "trying". The entire participial phrase is "trying to impress his boss". It describes Jim.
14. B. Convincing
A participial is a verb that acts as an adjective. Convincing is a verb that is acting as an adjective because it is describing the noun arguments as being convincing.
