Thomas Paine - The pamphlet of Common Sense.
America failed to predict the attack made by the Arabs and
Egyptians. They still believed that such
an attack on Israel would not be possible.
Still, this caused the Israelis to beef up their intelligence and their
defense. This also establish peace
relations between Egypt and Israel.
The correct order is:
3. A system of social classes based on birth evolved;
1. Castes are rigid and inflexible; people are born into a caste and cannot leave it;
4. Castes are a prominent part of people's lives, but people may have been able to move around;
2. Discrimination based on caste is determined to be illegal;
The caste system is a system with very long history, and it has been part of the Indian culture for centuries. At the begging, when it was implemented into the society, the caste system was very rigid and strict, and people were destined from birth to a certain social status for the rest of their lives. This lasted for a very long period of time. In the past century, the caste system started to be a bit more flexible, so certain individuals that showed greater qualities were able to progress into the caste system. And recently, the caste system, and discrimination based on it, have been made illegal in the country, so officially it has come to an end.
The Middle Passage was the crossing from Africa to the Americas, which the ships made carrying their ‘cargo’ of slaves. It was so-called because it was the middle section of the trade route taken by many of the ships. The first section (the ‘Outward Passage’ ) was from Europe to Africa. Then came the Middle Passage, and the ‘Return Passage’ was the final journey from the Americas to Europe. The Middle Passage took the enslaved Africans away from their homeland. They were from different countries and different ethnic (or cultural) groups. They spoke different languages. Many had never seen the sea before, let alone been on a ship. They had no knowledge of where they were going or what awaited them there.The slaves were packed below the decks of the ship. The men were usually shackled together in pairs using leg irons, or shackles. Some leg irons are pictured here. The men were considered dangerous, as they were mostly young and strong and likely to turn on their captors if the opportunity arose. People were packed so close that they could not get to the toilet buckets, and so lay in their own filth. Seasickness, heat and lack of air all contributed to the terrible smell. These conditions also encouraged disease, particularly fever and the ‘bloody flux’ or gastroenteritis (a serious stomach bug). The voyage usually took six to eight weeks, but bad weather could increase this to 13 weeks or more. This engraving (a type of print) of the slave ship the Brookes, from Liverpool, shows the slaves packed into the hold of the ship. It shows 295 enslaved Africans, this was the legal number the ship could carry after a change in the law. The Dolben Act of 1788 regulated the number of slaves according to the size of the ship. On a previous voyage the Brookes had carried 609. If you look carefully at the Brookes picture, you can see the leg irons shackling the men together at the ankle.
