Europe would be in contact with lost knowledge sooner that in reality happened. As the arab nations were more civilized than some others, the cities were preserved and the really important work of the romans would be preserved and enhanced. The gods statues were destroyed and Islam would be the only religion.
Answer:
I would say both however, more towards the religious side.
Explanation:
The pope deals with many controversial topics even though he is the leader of a religious organization.
Comment if you want even more words XD