Seventy years ago, in August 1947, the British decided to end their 200-year long rule in the Indian<span> subcontinent and to divide it into two separate </span>nations, Muslim-majority Pakistan<span> and Hindu-majority </span>India<span>. The process of </span>partition<span>, however, was not simple.</span>
Colonization or colonialism
The debt in this passage is refering to the US's debt.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense made the colonist realised that these rights were something that they wanted and it made them begin to stand up for themselves since they saw that they way they were being treated wrongly and that its a better way to live life.