There are nine steps in the scientific method. Observe, and Hypothesise are two of the first steps.
In chapter 4, Dally gives Johnny and Ponyboy a gun, a big jacket, 50 dollars, and some cigarettes.
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Alaska was purchased in the 1800's from Russia by the US. The US also took over the part of Mexico which was California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Texas so therefore added a lot of new territory including the rich gold fields of California.
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