I believe it's independence
Answer:
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John C. Calhoun supported the concept of nullification before the beginning of the Civil War. Nullification is the idea that US states have the right to ignore (invalidate) any law that they deem unconstitutional. This means that if a state thinks that a new law goes against a current constitutional amendment, they have the right to not follow it. The nullification crisis causes severe tension in Congress for decades leading up to the Civil War.
Answer: humanism which means also religious tolerance (Erasmus), protestant religious thinking (Luther, Melanchton, Calvin, Zwingly), renaissance utopian thought (Bacon, Thomas Moore), medicine-astrology-alchemy (Paracelsus), new science (new methodology which does not depend on ecclesiastical authorities like Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinus but investigates nature ....Bacon: Novum Organon).
Explanation: Northern renaissance is much more inventive in terms of science and scientific metholodogy than the south. Universities are reformed.
