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AVprozaik [17]
2 years ago
9

Indicate whether each of the following occurs in the ER (E), Cytoplasm (C), Golgi apparatus (G), lysosome (L) or mitochondria (M

). Your answer would be a four-letter string composed of letters E, C, G, L and Monly (e.g. ECEM, please do not use spaces). You may choose the same letter twice or not choose it at all. This is an all or none questions, no partial credit will be given.
(1) Addition of the first GlcNAc oligosaccharides to the asparagine residue of a protein
(2) Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine
(3) Degradation of misfolded ER protein
(4) O-linked glycosylation
Biology
1 answer:
Lelechka [254]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

EELG

(1) Addition of the first GlcNAc oligosaccharides to the asparagine residue of a protein occurs in the Lumen of the Endopslamic Reticulum

(2) Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine occurs in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

(3) Degradation of misfolded ER protein ossurs in the Lysosome

(4) O-linked glycosylation occurs in the Golgiapparatus

Explanation:

1. The covalent attachment of a carbohydrate to a macromolecule such as proteins or lipids is known as glycosylation.

N-linked glycosylation is a very common form of glycosylation and it occurs in eukaryotes in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The addition of the first GlcNAc oligosaccharides to the asparagine residue of a proteinmos an example of N-linked glycosylation.

2. Phosphatidylcholine is synthesized through the CDP-choline pathway which occurs at the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Choline entering the cell is immediately phosphorylated by choline kinase, converting choline to phosphocholine.

Phosphocholine is then converted to CDP-choline by the second enzyme in the pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT).

The phosphocholine moiety is then added to diacylglycerol in a reaction catalyzed by CDP-choline:1,2-diacylgylcerol cholinephosphotransferase to complete the synthesis of phosphocholine.

3. Lysosomes are the cell organelles which are responsible for the breakdown of proteins as well as other components of the cell. Misfolded proteins are identified and transported to lysosomes through chaperone-mediated autophagy, macroautophagy and endocytosis, where they are then degraded.

4. O-linked glycosylation is a form of glycosylation that occurs in eukaryotes in the Golgi apparatus.

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If mrna codons are aug, ggu and cag, what three codons of trna will attach?
Artemon [7]

Source : Net

* it signals the start of translation  

* it codes for the incorporation of the amino acid methionine (Met) into the growing polypeptide chain  

The genetic code can be expressed as either RNA codons or DNA codons. RNA codons occur in messenger RNA (mRNA) and are the codons that are actually "read" during the synthesis of polypeptides (the process called translation). But each mRNA molecule acquires its sequence of nucleotides by transcription from the corresponding gene. Because DNA sequencing has become so rapid and because most genes are now being discovered at the level of DNA before they are discovered as mRNA or as a protein product, it is extremely useful to have a table of codons expressed as DNA. So here are both.  

Note that for each table, the left-hand column gives the first nucleotide of the codon, the 4 middle columns give the second nucleotide, and the last column gives the third nucleotide.  

The RNA Codons  

Second nucleotide U C A G  

U UUU Phenylalanine (Phe) UCU Serine (Ser) UAU Tyrosine (Tyr) UGU Cysteine (Cys) U  

UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys C  

UUA Leucine (Leu) UCA Ser UAA STOP UGA STOP A  

UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG STOP UGG Tryptophan (Trp) G  

C CUU Leucine (Leu) CCU Proline (Pro) CAU Histidine (His) CGU Arginine (Arg) U  

CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg C  

CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Glutamine (Gln) CGA Arg A  

CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg G  

A AUU Isoleucine (Ile) ACU Threonine (Thr) AAU Asparagine (Asn) AGU Serine (Ser) U  

AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser C  

AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lysine (Lys) AGA Arginine (Arg) A  

AUG Methionine (Met) or START ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg G  

G GUU Valine Val GCU Alanine (Ala) GAU Aspartic acid (Asp) GGU Glycine (Gly) U  

GUC (Val) GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly C  

GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glutamic acid (Glu) GGA Gly A  

GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly G  

The DNA Codons  

These are the codons as they are read on the sense (5' to 3') strand of DNA. Except that the nucleotide thymidine (T) is found in place of uridine (U), they read the same as RNA codons. However, mRNA is actually synthesized using the antisense strand of DNA (3' to 5') as the template. [Discussion]  

This table could well be called the Rosetta Stone of life.  

The Genetic Code (DNA)  

TTT Phe TCT Ser TAT Tyr TGT Cys  

TTC Phe TCC Ser TAC Tyr TGC Cys  

TTA Leu TCA Ser TAA STOP TGA STOP  

TTG Leu TCG Ser TAG STOP TGG Trp  

CTT Leu CCT Pro CAT His CGT Arg  

CTC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg  

CTA Leu CCA Pro CAA Gln CGA Arg  

CTG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg  

ATT Ile ACT Thr AAT Asn AGT Ser  

ATC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser  

ATA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lys AGA Arg  

ATG Met* ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg  

GTT Val GCT Ala GAT Asp GGT Gly  

GTC Val GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly  

GTA Val GCA Ala GAA Glu GGA Gly  

GTG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly  

*When within gene; at beginning of gene, ATG signals start of translation.  

Codon Bias  

All but two of the amino acids (Met and Trp) can be encoded by from 2 to 6 different codons. However, the genome of most organisms reveals that certain codons are preferred over others. In humans, for example, alanine is encoded by GCC four times as often as by GCG. Why should this be? The answer is uncertain but probably reflects a greater translation efficiency by the translation apparatus (e.g., ribosomes) for certain codons over their synonyms.  

Codon bias even extends to pairs of codons: wherever a human protein contains the amino acids Ala-Glu, the gene encoding those amino acids is seven times as likely to use the codons GCAGAG rather than the synonymous GCCGAA.  

Codon bias is exploited by the biotechnology industry to improve the yield of the desired product. The ability to manipulate codon bias may also usher in a era of safer vaccines. Link to a discussion.  

Exceptions to the Code  

The genetic code is almost universal. The same codons are assigned to the same amino acids and to the same START and STOP signals in the vast majority of genes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. However, some exceptions have been found. Most of these involve assigning one or two of the three STOP codons to an amino acid instead.  

Mitochondrial genes  

When mitochondrial mRNA from animals or microorganisms (but not from plants) is placed in a test tube with the cytosolic protein-synthesizing machinery (amino acids, enzymes, tRNAs, ribosomes) it fails to be translated into a protein.  

The reason: these mitochondria use UGA to encode tryptophan (Trp) rather than as a chain terminator. When translated by cytosolic machinery, synthesis stops where Trp should have been inserted.  

In addition, most  

* animal mitochondria use AUA for methionine not isoleucine and  

* all vertebrate mitochondria use AGA and AGG as chain terminators.  

* Yeast mitochondria assign all codons beginning with CU to threonine instead of leucine (which is still encoded by UUA and UUG as it is in cytosolic mRNA).

3 0
3 years ago
Please help
Arada [10]

25% is the approximate production efficiency of this animal

Explanation:

Given ,

A ladybug eats 200 J of plant material

100 J is eliminated as feces

75 J are used in cellular respiration,

Now,

The approximate production efficiency of this animal :

200 - (100 +75) = 25 %

7 0
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Fungi are being used to kill gypsy moths.<br> a. True<br> b. False
Assoli18 [71]
The answer is a. True
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The concentration of N2 in blood at 37 °C (body temperature) and atmospheric pressure (partial pressure of N2 = 0.80 atm) is 0.0
devlian [24]

Answer:

volume  = 0.285 L

Explanation:

Henry constant is given as

Henry constant  =  \frac{C}{P}

Where C  is concentration

P is atmospheric pressure

Henry\ constant = \frac{0.00056}{0.80} = 0.0007 M/atm

when atmospheric pressure 4 atm

solubility = K_H\times P

              = 0.0007 \times 4 = 0.0028 M

In 5 litere blood , moles of N_2 = Molarity \times volume

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At surface moles  = 0.0056 \times 5 = 0.0028

Moles of N_2 release = 0.014 - 0.0028 = 0.0112

Mass of N_2 = 0.0112 \times 28 = 0.314 g

T = 37 + 273 = 310 K

VOLUME = \frac{nRT}{P}

= \frac{0.0112\times 0.0821\times 310}{1}

volume  = 0.285 L

6 0
3 years ago
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