Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. This model positioned the Sun at the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model displaced the geocentric model of Ptolemy that had prevailed for centuries, which had placed Earth at the center of the Universe. Copernican heliocentrism is often regarded[by whom?] as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.
Heliocentric model from Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
Although he had circulated an outline of his own heliocentric theory to colleagues sometime before 1514, he did not decide to publish it until he was urged to do so late in his life by his pupil Rheticus. Copernicus's challenge was to present a practical alternative to the Ptolemaic model by more elegantly and accurately determining the length of a solar year while preserving the metaphysical implications of a mathematically ordered cosmos. Thus, his heliocentric model retained several of the Ptolemaic elements, causing inaccuracies such as the planets' circular orbits, epicycles, and uniform speeds,[1] while at the same time introducing such innovative ideas as:-
The Earth is one of several planets revolving around a stationary sun in a determined order.
The Earth has three motions: daily rotation, annual revolution, and annual tilting of its axis.
Retrograde motion of the planets is explained by the Earth's motion.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is small compared to the distance from the Sun to the stars.
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Answer: The crossing allows Sikh devotees from India to visit the gurdwara in Kartarpur, 4.7 kilometres (2.9 miles) from the India–Pakistan border on the Pakistani side without a visa.
Based on this excerpt, we can infer that the point that Ida B. Wells is trying to make is that<u> D. </u><u>White men </u><u>rarely </u><u>embrace progressive </u><u>ideas without a </u><u>financial motive.</u>
Ida Bell Wells was:
- A journalist who reported on the racist actions of white people in the United States, especially in the South
- A Civil rights leader
- A key individual in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
In this excerpt, Ida Bells is saying that in order to get a White man to listen to anything, one would need to convince them that there is a financial gain to be made.
In reference to the Progressive Era therefore, we can infer that Wells was of the opinion that White men would only support progressive ideals if they stood to make something from it.
In conclusion, Ida Wells was saying that white men rarely embrace progressive ideals unless they stand to gain financially.
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