Answer:
William "Boss" Tweed ran the Democratic party machine in 19th century New York City called Tammany Hall and was eventually convicted of corruption and embezzlement of government funds.
Tweed and his accomplices committed about $30 million to $200 million in fraud. It was only after a series of articles in the New York Times in 1871 that these practices came to an end. Tweed was indicted and in 1873 he was sentenced to an initial 12 years in prison. After serving one year, he was released but was immediately arrested again. A civil suit followed, but on December 4, 1875, Tweed managed to escape. He was eventually detained in Spain by the authorities there and extradited to the US where he would remain in prison until his death two years later.
The most likely reason for women to become heads of state is the general progress in gender equality, which slowly introduced women to position of moderate power (parliament), which prepared ground for their position as a head of state.
Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. Louis XIV's France was emblematic of the age of absolutism in Europe.
South Korea is a democratic country - option d. (the potentially hostile neighbor is North Korea, which is both totalitarian and communist/socialist; but South Korea is not any of those).
