Botox is used cosmetically to remove wrinkles and to treat certain muscular conditions. It is made from Botulinum neurotoxin obtained from the bacteria <em>Clostridium botulinum</em>. It is a very powerful neurotoxin but in Botox procedure it is used in extremely small concentration so it does not cause harmful effects. Botox process usually lasts for four to six months.
Botulinum acts as acetylcholine antagonist and inhibits the release of acetycholine neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. This inhibits the signalling between motor neurons and facial muscles. As a result, the facial muscles are not able to contract and hence wrinkles are not formed on skin.
Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is an ACh antagonist that blocks the underlying facial muscles.
-Botox injections are the best known of a group of medications that use various forms of botulinum toxin to temporarily paralyze muscle activity. This toxin is produced by the microbe that causes botulism, a type of food poisoning.
-These botox injections have the ability to reduce the appearance of some facial wrinkles. They are also used to treat such problems as repetitive neck spasms, excessive sweating, overactive bladder and lazy eye.
-Botulinum toxin acts by binding presynaptically to high-affinity recognition sites on the cholinergic nerve terminals and decreasing the release of acetylcholine, causing a neuromuscular blocking effect.
Kidney is a bean shaped organ normally found in vertebrates. It is located posterior to the abdominal peritoneum. Kidney is well protected by ribs 10-12 , abdominal muscles, back muscles .kidney is about 11cm in length in adults. Kidney receives blood from the arteries and exist blood through the veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter which harbour and carries urine to the bladder .Each kidney is approximately the same size as adult clenched fist(10cm). The main function of the kidney is excretion of wastes and urine.
PMI is very important in forensics because having a time of death can help with the identification of human remains and can support or deny the stated actions of suspects in the crime.
