The first one is because they make the laws
Indus River Valley marks the easternmost edge of Islam under the Umayyads. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second caliphate out of the four major caliphates that was established after Muhammad's death. The Umayyad dynasty rules the Umayyad Caliphate.
Answer:
B because Thomas Jefferson called it so due to the marking of the first time that power in America was passed from one party to another
It made a split between the North and the South economically because the North was advancing more, while the South thought the best market was slavery and cotton. Which ultimately led to the Civil War.